Multilayer Perceptron Networkの構築
MLPClassSaturnをもう少し詳しく解析してみる。
まず、Neural Networkの構造を描いてみる。2個のInputニューロンと2個のOutputニューロン、間に20個の隠れ層Neuronという構造である。
2個のInputニューロンから20個の隠れ層ニューロンへの重みw1, w2が20個x2=40個、隠れ層ニューロンのバイアス値b1-20がそれぞれニューロンごとで合計20個、ここまでで合計60個のパラメータ。次に隠れ層20個から2個のOutputニューロンへの重みw3が20個x2=40個と、Output層のバイアス値b2がそれぞれのOutputニューロン(b21, b22)にあり、合計2個で、隠れ層からOutput層には合計42個のパラメータ。全部合わせて総計102個の重み係数+バイアスパラメータとなる。
MultiLayerNetworkクラスのインスタンスであるmodelに、params()関数を与えると102個のパラメータが単純な横一列の配列で戻される。paramTable()関数を使えば、グループごと[w1:20個、w2:20個、b1-20:20個、w3:20個、b21, b22]にまとめられて戻される。
以下のようにコードを修正するとコンソールにパラメータ中間値が出力され、パラメータ変化を分析できる。
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MultiLayerNetwork model = new MultiLayerNetwork(conf); model.init(); System.out.println(model.paramTable()); //パラメータ初期値(テーブル) System.out.println(model.params()); //パラメータ初期値 //model.setListeners(new ScoreIterationListener(1)); //Print score every 10 parameter updates for ( int n = 0; n < nEpochs; n++) { model.fit( trainIter ); System.out.println(model.params()); //エポックごとのパラメータ中間値 30段階 } System.out.println(model.summary()); System.out.println(model.paramTable()); //パラメータ最終値(テーブル) |
上記のコンソール出力は以下の通り:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 |
o.n.l.f.Nd4jBackend - Loaded [CpuBackend] backend o.n.n.NativeOpsHolder - Number of threads used for NativeOps: 2 o.n.n.Nd4jBlas - Number of threads used for BLAS: 2 o.n.l.a.o.e.DefaultOpExecutioner - Backend used: [CPU]; OS: [Mac OS X] o.n.l.a.o.e.DefaultOpExecutioner - Cores: [4]; Memory: [3.6GB]; o.n.l.a.o.e.DefaultOpExecutioner - Blas vendor: [MKL] o.d.n.m.MultiLayerNetwork - Starting MultiLayerNetwork with WorkspaceModes set to [training: ENABLED; inference: ENABLED], cacheMode set to [NONE] {0_W=[[ 0.6075, -0.3462, -0.3778, 0.2016, -0.3619, 0.0079, -0.1621, -0.0570, -0.1800, 0.2769, 0.3980, -0.1610, -0.4054, 0.3921, -0.4874, 0.0676, 0.5184, -0.3940, 0.1001, -0.0699], [ -0.2595, 0.1405, 0.2820, 0.3897, -0.9650, 0.0377, 0.0548, -0.3151, 0.2252, 0.0146, 0.6966, -0.3013, -0.2327, 0.2102, 0.0408, -0.1887, -0.0686, 0.1658, 0.1481, 0.4032]], 0_b=[[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]], 1_W=[[ 0.2367, -0.3284], [ -0.5487, 0.2360], [ 0.6404, 0.0237], [ -0.1906, -0.4099], [ -0.0716, 0.2596], [ -0.2307, -0.2039], [ -0.3095, 0.0487], [ 0.3670, -0.4921], [ -0.2990, -0.0390], [ -0.0005, 0.3827], [ -0.1261, 0.6093], [ 0.3013, -0.2682], [ 0.2553, -0.0227], [ -0.0464, 0.1790], [ 0.1783, -0.3751], [ 0.4470, -0.7521], [ -0.0244, -0.1032], [ -0.3861, -0.2370], [ 0.1981, 0.0719], [ 0.0737, 0.0921]], 1_b=[[ 0, 0]]} [[ 0.6075, -0.2595, -0.3462, 0.1405, -0.3778, 0.2820, 0.2016, 0.3897, -0.3619, -0.9650, 0.0079, 0.0377, -0.1621, 0.0548, -0.0570, -0.3151, -0.1800, 0.2252, 0.2769, 0.0146, 0.3980, 0.6966, -0.1610, -0.3013, -0.4054, -0.2327, 0.3921, 0.2102, -0.4874, 0.0408, 0.0676, -0.1887, 0.5184, -0.0686, -0.3940, 0.1658, 0.1001, 0.1481, -0.0699, 0.4032, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2367, -0.5487, 0.6404, -0.1906, -0.0716, -0.2307, -0.3095, 0.3670, -0.2990, -0.0005, -0.1261, 0.3013, 0.2553, -0.0464, 0.1783, 0.4470, -0.0244, -0.3861, 0.1981, 0.0737, -0.3284, 0.2360, 0.0237, -0.4099, 0.2596, -0.2039, 0.0487, -0.4921, -0.0390, 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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total Parameters: 102 Trainable Parameters: 102 Frozen Parameters: 0 ========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================== {0_W=[[ 0.5051, -0.5878, -0.2506, 0.1828, -0.1159, -0.0039, -0.2705, -0.0151, -0.2440, 0.3838, 0.5253, -0.1041, -0.3511, 0.4551, -0.3496, 0.0187, 0.5229, -0.4564, 0.0799, -0.0933], [ -0.1064, 0.2147, 0.1694, 0.3966, -1.0667, 0.0414, 0.0965, -0.0183, 0.3099, -0.1108, 0.6209, -0.1726, -0.1890, 0.1900, 0.0644, 0.0306, -0.0608, 0.1865, 0.1576, 0.4160]], 0_b=[[ 0.1516, -0.4136, 0.2882, 0.1872, -0.2897, -0.0136, -0.1874, 0.5774, -0.1431, -0.2045, -0.3704, 0.2499, 0.0608, -0.1484, 0.2614, 0.9763, -0.0547, -0.1443, 0.1029, -0.0322]], 1_W=[[ 0.0677, -0.1594], [ -0.7437, 0.4310], [ 0.5813, 0.0827], [ -0.1314, -0.4691], [ -0.3347, 0.5227], [ -0.2371, -0.1974], [ -0.3985, 0.1377], [ 0.4483, -0.5734], [ -0.4175, 0.0795], [ -0.1150, 0.4972], [ -0.2141, 0.6973], [ 0.2760, -0.2429], [ 0.1480, 0.0846], [ -0.1473, 0.2800], [ 0.1253, -0.3221], [ 0.6902, -0.9952], [ -0.1761, 0.0485], [ -0.5307, -0.0923], [ 0.2276, 0.0424], [ -0.0136, 0.1793]], 1_b=[[ 1.0446, -1.0446]]} Evaluate model.... ========================Evaluation Metrics======================== # of classes: 2 Accuracy: 1.0000 Precision: 1.0000 Recall: 1.0000 F1 Score: 1.0000 Precision, recall & F1: reported for positive class (class 1 - "1") only =========================Confusion Matrix========================= 0 1 ------- 48 0 | 0 = 0 0 52 | 1 = 1 Confusion matrix format: Actual (rowClass) predicted as (columnClass) N times ================================================================== ****************Example finished******************** |
パラメータ初期値、中間値、最終値をエクセルに取り込んで、パラメータの変化をグラフにしてみると以下の通り:
このようにザビエルの初期値で選ばれた重み係数は、初期値からあまり変化していないが、バイアス値はゼロから始まり大きく変化していることがわかる。重みの初期値は、一般的にはガウス分布からランダムに生成したものを初期値とし、バイアス初期値はゼロとするのが通常のようだ。
重みの初期値はその後の学習に大きく影響する。
以下のようにconvolution層でもいろいろな方法がある。
http://arakan-pgm-ai.hatenablog.com/entry/2017/09/02/003000
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
Uniform:-1.0?1.0の一様乱数で初期化
UniformAffineGlorot:一様乱数にXavier Glorot提案の 係数をかけて初期化
Normal:平均0.0、分散1.0であるガウス乱数で初期化
NormalAffineHeForward:ガウス乱数にKaiming He提案の係数をかけて初期化(Forward Case)
NormalAffineHeBackward:ガウス乱数にKaiming He提案の係数をかけて初期化(Backward Case)
NormalAffineGlorot:ガウス乱数にXavier Glorot提案の 係数をかけて初期化(デフォルト)
Constant:全ての要素を一定値(1.0)で初期化
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
上記のうち、説明に「Xavier Glorot提案」と書かれている種類が「Xavierの初期値」と呼ばれるもの。 「ザビエXavierの初期値」は層のノードの数によって、作用させる係数を変化させる。たとえば、前層から渡されるノード数がn個であるときには、標準偏差√nで割る。